Etiology 

heart is unable to pump blood effectively→ backup of blood in the veins→ fluid to leak from blood vessels into surrounding tissues

Glomerulus loses their ability to filter waste properly → protein (albumin) leak into the urine → hypoalbuminemia → Osmotic pressure decreases → fluid retention and swelling.  

advanced liver scarring that impairs liver function and blood flow, causing

• Portal hypertension → fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites).

• Reduced production of albumin→ further contributing to fluid leakage into tissues, leading to anasarca. 

cause fluid retention as a side effect by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys.

malabsorption of nutrients→ hypoalbuminemia → decrease in osmotic pressure in the blood vessels → fluid leak into surrounding tissues

inflammatory responses → increase capillary permeability→ fluid to leak into tissues

Lymphatic system helps drain excess fluid from tissues. When there is a lymphatic obstruction, fluid accumulates in the tissues

Metabolism slows down, and the kidneys may retain more sodium and water.  

inflammatory mediators such as histamine → fluid leakage from blood vessels